According to the SEND Code of Practice (DfE, 2015), cognition and learning difficulties encompass a wide range of needs, including general and specific learning difficulties. These difficulties affect various areas of learning including literacy, numeracy, and the acquisition of subject-specific knowledge and skills and may be linked to underlying challenges in areas such as memory, reasoning, and processing speed. This rapid evidence assessment (REA) reviews how mainstream education professionals can identify and support cognition and learning difficulties in children and young people, with a focus on both literacy and mathematics.