The author sees a serious need to encourage training and research activities relating to long-term normative change in social, economic, political, and cultural systems, especially of transnational and global scales. He makes the judgment that we are in the midst of a transition process as fundamental as the convulsive process that accompanied the…

This is a review of work done in the past twenty years with the Control Graph, including the evolution of Control-Graph studies, its relationship to other perspectives of organizations, and an overview of study findings. (Author)

While the Sandinista government has streamlined Nicaraguan education and encouraged expansion, many say that material and methodological shortcomings are threatening the system. (MSE)

The relationship between leaders and followers is crucial and often misunderstood. Ninety percent of leadership can be taught, and the remainder consists of energy, stamina, and ingredients of undetermined origin. Those who study leadership come from many disciplines, but what is learned should be shared. (MSE)

Identifies threat, economic, and integrative powers as components of national power, and examines the use of such powers by the United States and other nations. States that threat power is costly, while crippling those who use it. Advises nations to concentrate on economic and integrative powers, avoiding intervention and related actions. (GEA)

Trends in the enrollments and finances of American colleges and universities are described. As the demography of the student body has changed, enrollments have remained constant. The history and development of higher education is discussed in the context of leadership and market influences. Universities will have more important roles the future.…

This research verifies complaints of substitute teachers that their work is dreary and unfulfilling. To improve this situation substitute teachers must be accepted by students and school personnel as full-fledged teachers with legitimate authority, rights, and responsibilities. Assigning them to specific subjects and grades will help them to…

It is proposed that Giddens' theory of structuration explains some of the complexities of the actions of principals and teachers in the process of school change, and a specific change occurring in an Australian suburban school is analyzed in this context (MSE)

Interviewed 60 jail corrections officers in four types of jails to examine views about working relations and judgments of institutional policy. Respondents reported feeling unappreciated by superiors and powerless in relation to inmates. Officers were caught between administration demands for safety and recently acquired rights of inmates. (NB)

The hidden curriculum in schools affects students' behavior. Observations from over 60 classrooms show differences in the way students from various academic tracks and socioeconomic backgrounds react to ambiguous situations. The analysis demonstrates that teachers and schools maintain the socioeconomic status quo rather than working for a more…

Conflicts over authority between the California legislature and the University of California are examined. Compensatory strategies were adopted: authority was used in one area to gain control of a second. The outcomes of these conflicts and their policy implications for university independence and responsiveness are examined. (Author/MLW)

Teachers and principals have a lot of power, but the power of teachers is different as the students over which they have power are more vulnerable. Teachers should acknowledge their power and the opportunities they have been given to open doors for children. (MD)

An overview is provided of the research conducted in Japan during the past 30 years on the Performance-Maintenance Theory of Leadership. Experimental and field studies are described which suggest that the consequences of leadership in Japan result from interaction of performance-oriented and maintenance-oriented behaviors. (TE)

Higher education reform in West Germany from 1965-79 shows a growing tendency among the citizens toward politicized legalism. Three federal court decisions have shaped a federal law for higher education policy, and judicial activism in university reform impairs the ability of state legislatures and academic institutions to experiment and innovate…

Collective bargaining provides a mechanism for a desirable formalization of authority and genuine self-governance in higher education, and can enhance the possibility of higher education's objectives: better teachers and scholars, working in well-functioning, fair, and just institutions, containing programs of some degree of excellence. (MSE)