The emergence of a proof image is often an important stage in a learner's construction of a proof. In this paper, we introduce, characterize, and exemplify the notion of proof image. We also investigate how proof images emerge. Our approach starts from the learner's efforts to construct a justification without (or before) attempting any…

The adaptive behavior construct has gained prominent attention in human services over the last several years in Portugal, and its measurement has become an integral part of the assessment of populations with intellectual disability. In Portugal, diagnosis remains exclusively based on IQ measures, although some attention recently has been given to…

Psychological perspectives have long been reflected in educational theory and practice. Therefore, we expect psychology to contribute to our understanding of the impact of technology on the temporal aspects of teaching and learning in this digital age. Understanding how we learn, and how learning and teaching can be facilitated, are key to…

We introduce a family of puzzles that can help students understand permutation groups. In addition these puzzles provide a basis to investigate other puzzles and their groups of permutations.

Research Findings: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the structural validity of scores on a measure of global classroom quality, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS K-3; Pianta, La Paro, & Hamre, 2008). Using observational data from a sample of 417 kindergarten classrooms from the southern and mid-Atlantic regions of…

Background: Many standardised balance measures are unsuitable for people who are unable to comprehend test requirements. We report on the development, administration, interrater reliability, and concurrent validity of a video-based balance measure for people with intellectual disability called the Balance Scale for Persons with Intellectual…

Proposals to evaluate teachers based on their "value-added" to student test scores generate intense debate. Underlying the debate are concerns about three factors: "bias," "precision," and "relevance." Previous Carnegie Foundation briefs have detailed the reasons why the first two are significant concerns.…

This brief provides tips for forming a team of staff and consultants with the needed expertise to make key measurement decisions that will ensure high-quality data for answering the study's research questions. The brief outlines the main responsibilities of measurement team members. It also describes typical measurement tasks and discusses…

An information system (IS) risk assessment is an important part of any successful security management strategy. Risk assessments help organizations to identify mission-critical IS assets and prioritize risk mitigation efforts. Many risk assessment methodologies, however, are complex and can only be completed successfully by highly qualified and…

In 2007, while pursuing my doctoral degree, I (Baoshan Zhang) embarked on a study to develop a scale for measuring state self-monitoring. Although a Self-Monitoring Scale had been developed in 1974 to measure stable individual characteristics, the measure could be inadequate for examining the short-term self-monitoring elicited by certain social…

In this article, we highlight the need for a precisely defined construct in score-based validation and discuss the contribution of cognitive theories to accurately and comprehensively defining the construct. We propose a framework for integrating cognitively based theoretical and empirical evidence to specify and evaluate the construct. We apply…

The objective of this research is to: (1) explore historical background through a participatory workshop on the legend of Phra Nang Malika of Wiang Malika in Lanna; and (2) create indigenous history learning resources through mural painting and picture book, the legend of Phra Nang Malika, in Mae Ai Luang Temple Chiang Mai Province. The samples…

Research on behavior regulation was carried out after several months of social isolation, provoked by the pandemic, between the months of February and March 2020. In spring 2020, many higher education institutions began to introduce digital tools of education, remote learning, and distance teaching. The reaction during the first weeks and months…

This study investigated the predictive validity of a dynamic assessment designed to evaluate later risk for reading difficulty in bilingual Latino children at risk for language impairment. During kindergarten, 63 bilingual Latino children completed a dynamic assessment nonsense-word recoding task that yielded pretest to posttest gain scores,…

The role of teachers in the formation of environmentally sensitive behaviors in students is quite high. Thus, the water awareness of teachers, who represent role models for students, is rather important. The main purpose of this study is to identify the reliability and validity study outcomes of the Water Awareness Scale, which was developed to…