Pavlovian fear conditioning is a widely used behavioral paradigm for studying associative learning in rodents. Despite early recognition that subjects may engage in a variety of both conditioned and unconditioned responses, the last several decades have seen the field narrow its focus to measure freezing as the sole indicator of conditioned fear.…

Effective feedback is a powerful educational intervention to support learning. Hattie and Timperley have developed a feedback model in which they define three different functions and four different levels of feedback. Although the model is widely used in educational practice, there is little known about how the model is used in education nor about…

When mastering new topics, the importance of timely and topical feedback is hard to overestimate. Distance education forced recently on educational community by COVID brought obstacles to one-on-one interaction, making direct feedback difficult. However, it also inspired educators to consider new tools and ideas. A possible approach allowing for…

Public attitude surveys provide invaluable data for assessing perceptions, values, and attitudes across societies and over time. Ideally, respondents feel secure to disclose accurate information (avoiding reporting bias and item non-response) in the context of a face-to-face interview. Yet, survey research seldom accounts for peer effects caused…

The current study examines the perceived fairness of an educational assessment process, considering the influence of positive and negative affect. The first objective was to determine if a person's evaluation of fairness fluctuates depending on the incidental affect (pre-evaluation affect). The second objective was studying the connection between…

The Premack principle states that any Response A can reinforce any other Response B if the independent rate of A is greater than the independent rate of B (Premack, 1959). Applying the Premack principle involves arranging the environment to restrict access to certain responses based on relative probabilities of a set of given responses (Timberlake…

Over fifty years of research investigating teacher burnout has resulted in a well-accepted model of burnout that involves three dimensions: exhaustion, depersonalization, and loss of accomplishment. Recently, a new cause of teacher attrition has been proposed called "demoralization," on the argument that demoralization is a distinct…

The "prevalence effect" is a phenomenon whereby target prevalence impacts performance in visual search (e.g., baggage screening) and visual comparison (e.g., face-matching) tasks -- people more often 'miss' infrequent target stimuli. The current study investigated prevalence effects in fingerprint identification -- an important visual…

Concealment (i.e., omitting information without saying anything untrue) has received little empirical attention relative to falsification (i.e., false statements). This study examined free recall reports among a sample of 349 maltreated and nonmaltreated children ages four to nine, and found that concealment of a minor transgression was…

In vertical scaling, results of tests from several different grade levels are placed on a common scale. Most vertical scaling methodologies rely heavily on the assumption that the construct being measured is unidimensional. In many testing situations, however, such an assumption could be problematic. For instance, the construct measured at one…

Research documenting the effects of trauma in early childhood describes the profound and long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect on the developing brain and the subsequent deficits in critical cognitive and social development. While educators have increasingly endeavoured to understand this impact and become more 'trauma-informed' in…

The relevance of student evaluation of teaching (SET) for both development of individual teaching as well as for institutional quality management in higher education (HE) contexts has been investigated in numerous studies. However, how educators incorporate students' feedback into their teaching, especially in the case of negative evaluations,…

Among the developmental milestones related to language and communication in early childhood, one that has been the subject of considerable research is response to name (RTN). Delayed or absent RTN in early childhood is a diagnostic marker for autism spectrum disorder and a target behavior in many early intervention curricula. This article…

Background: Research on learners' reactions to failure finds negative emotions may present an obstacle for learning; a painful experience of failure may result in disengagement and avoidance. However, research on styles of emotion regulation and learning from failure is scarce. Self-determination theory's (SDT) conception of adaptive and…

The current study used sequential analysis to examine dual-language learners' (DLLs) questions and their relations to teacher responses in the context of small-group shared reading in preschool. Participants were 235 DLLs aged 3-5 years and 60 lead teachers from multiethnic preschool classrooms in Norway. Results showed that across four different…