Cross-validation is a common statistical procedure applied to problems that are otherwise computationally intractable. It is often employed to assess the effectiveness of prediction procedures. In this report, cross-validation is discussed in terms of "U"-statistics. This approach permits consideration of the statistical properties of…

A correlation coefficient taking positive values is introduced. It is more easily understood than other correlation measures especially in social science contexts. Estimation issues are addressed. A data application is given.

Teacher preparation programs are essential to ensure pre-service teachers are equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to teach in the PK-12 learning environment, but are rooted in a traditional paradigm of a compacted curriculum with little room for more content. The addition of Computational Thinking (CT) becomes one more thing to add to…

The computer has evolved from a tool to a privileged position where architectural design takes shape. Given that students are expected to work primarily in a computational environment and frequently in a collaborative way, some questions challenge and inspire us to consider new ways and methods that will aid in the creation and sharing of…

Research trends on computational thinking (CT) and its learning strategies are showing an increase. The strategies are varying, for example is using games to provide enjoyment, engagement, and experience. To improve the high level of immersion and presence of game objects, learning strategies through games can be improved by virtual reality (VR)…

In meta-analysis, effect sizes often need to be converted into a common metric. For this purpose conversion formulas have been constructed; some are exact, others are approximations whose accuracy has not yet been systematically tested. We performed Monte Carlo simulations where samples with pre-specified population correlations between the…

Orlando and Thissen (2000) introduced the "S - X[superscript 2]" item-fit index for testing goodness-of-fit with dichotomous item response theory (IRT) models. This study considers and evaluates an alternative approach for computing "S - X[superscript 2]" values and other factors associated with collapsing tables of observed…

Recent US science standards conceptualize science as a set of shared multidisciplinary ideas and practices in common with engineering and computer science (CS). At the core, this portrayal requires an understanding of CS as a viable career path and set of discrete knowledge and skills, including those related to computer programming. However,…

Contextual interference is an established phenomenon in learning research; random practice schedules are associated with poorer performance, but superior learning, compared with blocked practice schedules. We present a secondary analysis of N = 84 healthy young adults, replicating the contextual interference effect in a time estimation task. We…

This qualitative case study was designed to explore pre-service teachers' computational thinking and programming skills in an educational technology course in which block-based programming was introduced in a teacher education program. 12 teacher candidates from different subject areas participated in the study. The findings show that…

Estimation skills matters most for both daily life and mathematics education. Teachers have great responsibilities in helping students acquire estimation skills. In this context, it can be said that investigating the pre-service teachers' sense of efficacy about their estimation skills deems important. In this regard, in this study, it was aimed…

In this paper, we examine the national curricula for primary mathematics for each of the four constituent nations of the United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) for the estimation-related opportunities they offer children. Framed against four conceptually and procedurally different forms of estimation (computational,…

This article analyzes the way in which educators and researchers have pronounced themselves for incorporating computer programming in the K-12 curricula (basic and secondary education), recognizing its cognitive benefits in those who practice it, which can be useful in contexts other than computing, by influencing the development of higher order…

This longitudinal study was conducted in order to determine and improve the mental addition strategies of students in their 2nd and 3rd years at elementary school. The first part of the study used the qualitative research method of case study, while the second part adopted the single group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. The study…

Background: Multilingual learners have been overlooked and understudied in computer science education research. As the CS for All movement grows, it is essential to design integrated, justice-oriented curricula that help young multilingual learners begin to develop computational thinking skills and discourses. Purpose: We present a conceptual…