College students (N=98) made self-reference judgments about the same 120 trait adjectives from two perspectives, once in terms of the "real" self and once in terms of the "ideal" self. Traits could then be separated into four categories of distinctiveness: those descriptive of both real and ideal self-concepts; those descriptive of real self only;…

Until recently, most theories of vocational behavior have been designed and tested on male behaviors with exclusively male samples. Some researchers have suggested that theories of vocational behavior have had less relevance for females and other special groups because certain conditions that are relatively true for males are less true for…

Several writers have hypothesized that college students highest in degree of congruence between their college major and their personality type tend to have the highest level of achievement, satisfaction, and stability. This study investigated congruency between college students' vocational interests and their chosen academic major as an…

Research has shown that observers' vicarious emotional reactions to an in-group member's facial display of pleasure and pain are highly differentiated and empathetic, while responses to the expressive displays of an out-group member are relatively undifferentiated and indifferent. This study examines the effects of perceived group membership on…

A backlog of applicants for civil service positions and a work overload on selection and classification specialists at one civil service office prompted a study of the usefulness of a job-person match for personnel selection. An instrument measuring applicants' match to a large number of professional and technical jobs within a state civil service…

Research studies concerned with sex-role stereotypes have noted that behavior is often shaped by expectations others hold about certain individuals. In one experiment, female undergraduates who expected to meet attractive desirable men portrayed themselves as more feminine and performed less intelligently on a bogus IQ test when they thought the…

The usefulness of vocational interest measures has been questioned by those who have studied the predictive validity of expressed choice. The predictive validities of measured interest for decided and undecided students, expressed choice and measured interest, and expressed choice and measured interest when they are congruent and incongruent were…

To provide meaningful experiences for their members, organizations (educational as well as noneducational) must (1) insist on congruence between stated goals and actions to achieve those goals, (2) seek the best in people and respect individuality, (3) create an accurate understanding of and empathy with those involved in the organization, and (4)…

Using Getzels' conceptual model of the school as a social system and Spindler's dichotomy of traditional and emergent values, the researcher proposed the following research questions: (1) Are there significant differences in the values of teachers, principals, and parents? and (2) Is there a higher degree of congruency in values among teachers,…

This study uses the concept of congruence-incongruence as a predictor of interpersonal distance for each of four different social stimuli: (1) a same-sex friend, (2) a girl that they wanted to meet, (3) an ex-mental patient and (4) a professor whose course they had failed. (Author)

Analyzed Boshier's congruence model constructs in concert with a variety of socioeconomic and psychological variables using a population of adult high school completion students. Revealed that incongruency variables were poor predictors of dropout, and dropouts had less self/other incongruence. Suggests that dropout studies be approached from a…

Speculates about the outcomes of person-environment research and suggests how more successful research might be planned. Focuses on congruence effects and the value of meta-analysis. Suggests careful use of theory; attention to both environmental and personal assessment; identification of potent personal, environmental, and theoretical variables;…

Explored the relationship between the degree to which choices and interests agree and later persistence in an expressed choice, using longitudinal data for college students (N=7,706) and employed persons (N=1,372). Results indicated that persistence in an expressed choice increases systematically as congruence between choice and interests…

Examined whether congruence between occupational choice and inventoried interests and vocational identity related to typical career counseling outcomes in college students. Results showed that women higher in identity estimated higher career maturity; women high in congruence reported less anxiety; and women high in both congruence and identity…

Surveyed 291 mother-child and 221 father-child dyads to examine adolescent perceptions of parental educational goals. Results showed family size and student's age had no effect, but birth order and sibling sex composition interact with sex of the parent and the adolescent in effects on accuracy of perception. (JAC)