Notes how the wording of questions can affect the results of surveys and questionnaires. Suggests activities to help students become critical listeners, viewers, and readers. (RL)

Summarizes types of reading research studies reported in 1970 and in 1980, describes the establishment of the Center for the Study of Reading at the University of Illinois, and notes a research trend away from the testing of programs and toward the development of principles. (ET)

Overall results of a meta-analysis of studies of sex bias in counseling or psychotherapy showed no bias against women or against nonstereotyped roles for women. (Author/DB)

Describes some of the difficulties involved in conducting language evaluation tests in Edinburgh, Scotland. Reports some results of a pilot study. (RL)

Two opposite views of the relations between moral cognition and moral action are described, their contrasting assumptions and implications are clarified, and the available empirical literature is reviewed. Research relating moral reasoning to real-life moral behaviors is summarized, with special attention given to design, measurement, and…

Data in Yarworth and Gauthier's article on student self- concept and participation in school activities (EJ 189 606) were reanalyzed by Walsh and Winne (TM 505 375). Yarworth and Gauthier's criticism of the reanalysis (TM 505 376) is answered. (GDC)

Reviews the procedures, findings, and implications of Kenneth Goodman's 1965 study of the role of context in the linguistic awareness of beginning readers; concludes that "a substantial number of those who support Goodman's findings and his implications do so for intuitive rather than empirical reasons." (GT)

Evaluations of creativity training programs are described: (1) Productive Thinking; (2) Purdue Creative Thinking; (3) Parnes; (4) Myers-Torrance workbooks; and (5) Khatena. Conceptual and methodological problems are discussed. Although gains on tests of divergent thinking have been noted, it is unclear whether these programs improve real-life…

The biasing effects of a pretest on subsequent post-test results were investigated in two experimental studies. In general, the results argue for using designs without pretests. (Author/JKS)

Summarizes studies which include student gender as a variable in economics test performance and examines the effect of gender on understanding and learning economics. Discusses gender differences in the effectiveness of alternative teaching techniques and in the enjoyment of and interest in economics. (KC)

The board that advises the Secretary of HEW on ethics has given a qualified approval for further review of federal funding for research on human embryos conceived in the laboratory. Issues and concerns that influenced the board's decision are addressed. (JMD)

Describes ongoing conflicts between researchers and Native American communities, especially between the rights of scientific research and those of Native American tribes over their cultural heritage. Presents steps that several tribes have taken to ensure their intellectual property rights. Discusses key elements for developing sound research…

Examines school readiness practices, along with the conceptual problems with the ways that "readiness" and "at risk" are defined. Analyzes methodological problems, delayed school entrance, and focuses on studies that examined future school retention rates, later use of special education services, and drop-out rates. Offers suggestions for best…

Describes higher education's neglect in dealing with contextually relevant issues in its research about Indian education, such as Indian/White relations. (13 references) (YKH)