Discusses the problems of the adult second language learner. The decline in interest among adolescents in language learning is reflected by the number of adult language learners. Problems ensue, however, from the unique classroom situation, which is not conducive to the development of communicative competence. (PJM)

Describes the threshold-level movement in European language teaching. Objectives are not defined in terms of what material is to be covered but in terms of what behavior is desired. The movement's application to Australia is discussed from three perspectives: (1) social justice, (2) linguistic resources, and (3) multiculturalism. (PJM)

Reviews existing research on the appropriate specification and estimation of models of cognitive achievement, offers an original two-equation model of cognitive achievement for individual students, and explores the relationship between instructional quality, teacher's salaries, and academic achievement. (Author/DB)

Two views of emotion in the writings of Paulo Freire are discussed. Freire views emotions as critical forces to be curbed if not eliminated. Emotions are also seen as a necessary part of that essential element of education for critical consciousness--dialog. (JN)

The author discusses four discoveries made in a research course concerning effective teaching: Effective teachers prepare their students for what they are about to learn, let the students know exactly what they should learn, use questions while teaching, and provide feedback so students may improve. (HD)

The history of the English language in Nigeria from early missionary schools to the present day is outlined. Main reasons for wanting to learn English are: Practical necessity; economic advantage; status; religious motives, and civic responsibility. English is seen as the medium of communication with most foreign countries. (CHK)

In opposition to the dominant economic agenda in adult education, a new cultural psychology of learning and development emphasizes learning as a social goal and fosters understanding of how people survive, rebuild, and learn through difficult times. Reflective conversations with an unemployed man illustrate the emotional and social processes of…

Discussion of human resource development (HRD) focuses on an exploratory study that attempted to identify key predictors of motivation to learn during training and motivation to transfer learning back to the workplace, as well as examine the relationship between the two variables. Presents conceptual frameworks for training transfer. (Author/LRW)

Describes a lesson on different world ecosystems in which activities are based on the constructivist approach to teaching that encourages learners to control their own learning. Includes a sample grading rubric and national science education standards related to these activities. (KHR)

Findings of the Danish Adult Education Research Project reveal adults' ambivalence about learning. Many adopt defensive strategies to avoid learning that challenges identity, are not inclined to learn unless it is personally meaningful, and take as much responsibility for learning as they want. These characteristics are not reflected in programs…

Discusses how human evolution affects the achievement of flow experiences, including the role of complexity, or people's need to take on a greater range of challenges and opportunities to increase their skill level. Describes evolutionary obstacles to complexity, such as genetic instructions to conserve energy, and ways to overcome these…

Hypothesized that orientations toward language learning (L2) as well as social support would influence students willingness to communicate (WTC) in a second language. Grade 9 L2 students of French immersion participated in the study. Results showed endorsement of all five orientations (travel, job related, friendship with Francophones, personal…

Examined the variables related to U.S. immigrants' long-term attainment in English, their second language (L2), and their native language (L1). Differences in language proficiency among different groups studied were associated with differences in language use, language learning motivation, and cultural identification between the two groups.…

Presents a review of recent studies on the influence of interest on textbook comprehension. States that most studies indicate that interest plays a significant part in text learning. Identifies objections to this, especially regarding deficits in conceptualizing and measuring interest. Educational implications for the construction of textbooks are…

Examines gender differences in fifth- and sixth-grade students' self-reports of confidence, motivation goals, and learning strategies in whole-class and small-group sessions. Overall, results reveal few gender differences and indicate that students report greater confidence and mastery motivation in small-group lessons. Contains 55 references.…