A study explored the social acceptability that accompanies the expression of sexual slang. The study of gender differences in language use is nothing new. Previous research has indicated that men and women differ in their use of tentative language, topic selection, control techniques, and conversational style. However, this research has examined…

There is an urgent need for young people to learn to know the natural world of which they are a part. Outdoor education is the only means by which people can recover their stone-age identity and discover that they are wildlife, no different in the basics of life than any other species. For most of their story, human beings lived in harmony with…

Research suggests that Indian youth who identify strongly with a specific tribal culture or with family members who maintain traditional Indian values are much less likely to be at risk for alcohol and drug abuse. This booklet describes four tribal programs that seek to increase the tribal identity of adolescents. Each of these programs emphasizes…

Since its development, Maslow's need hierarchy has been criticized and applauded. This investigation was undertaken to explore a modification of the upper levels of the need hierarchy based upon the application of power, competition, and achievement to self, as well as the concept of "other directed." (Author)

Findings indicate that race is the most important determinant of pronoun usage, with blacks more likely to refer to the United States as "they" rather than "we". Among whites, they-saying is a phenomenon associated with lower education, though not with low income or with self identification as outside the middle class. (Author/AM)

A number of questions have been raised about James Kinneavy's theory of expressive discourse, among them the problem of how so many different genres, from the personal essay to the declaration of independence, can be lumped under one aim, self-expression. Another is why self-expression is the only one of the aims to be divided into two general…

College students (N=98) made self-reference judgments about the same 120 trait adjectives from two perspectives, once in terms of the "real" self and once in terms of the "ideal" self. Traits could then be separated into four categories of distinctiveness: those descriptive of both real and ideal self-concepts; those descriptive of real self only;…

This conference paper presents the "ethnic matrix," a theoretical model of the process of ethnicity which describes how ethnic identity is sustained or diminished in the life of an individual or ethnic group. After a general introduction, the first of the paper's three major sections presents a research review and overview of historical and…

Through the employment of a uses and gratifications approach, a study examined the heterogeneity within a sample of black television viewers as revealed in their needs structures and their demographic characteristics. The purpose was to determine if differences in black audience needs could be associated with differences in television program…

Empathy may have disappeared from official documents but the history teacher who does not still regularly think about it, plan for it and teach it would be hard to find. What is history if not, in part, an attempt to understand how people thought and felt in the past? This is not to deny, however, that the criticisms levelled at empathy-type tasks…

Black, black Puerto Rican, white Puerto Rican, and white children were instructed to draw and color with crayons two persons, one female and one male, in a study designed to validate a scale developed by the author to measure black identity for black subjects, ages five to seventeen. (SF)

This study investigated the ethnic and racial awareness, self-identification, and ethnic group preference in Anglo, Black, and Chicano preschool and third-grade children. (Author)

Reference group theory suggests that a perceived similarity between interacting individuals leads to future interaction, increased source credibility, and more frequent agreement on specific issues. This study shows how the reference group theory applies to the authoritarian television character Archie Bunker and television viewers that watch…

Only recently have imitation researchers turned their attention to the effects on the model of being imitated by observers. This report outlines and reviews the findings of research in the developing paradigms. Four paradigms into the effects of being imitated are examined briefly: (1) operant strengthening paradigm; (2) classical conditioning…

Data from a survey of black high school seniors is used to test two ideas, it is stated: that (1) explanations of lw self-esteem among blacks are based, to a large extent, on the assumption that whites serve as a significant other for blacks, and (2) that this negatively affects their general level of self-esteem. (Author/JM)