Trends in emphases in the study of clinical reasoning are examined, with attention to three major branches of research: problem-solving, knowledge engineering, and propositional analysis. There has been a general progression from a focus on the generic form of clinical reasoning to an emphasis on medical content that supports the reasoning…

Noting that successful comprehension, problem solving, and decision making are dependent upon activation and appropriate application of relevant schemata of existing knowledge, this report examines the practice of oversimplifying information in the content areas to make teaching and studying easier, and the dangers inherent in doing so. The report…

Evidence suggests that instruction in thinking skills is neither widespread nor successful. Most students do not score well on tests that measure their ability to recognize assumptions, evaluate arguments, or appraise inferences. However, a number of educators believe that it is possible to teach thinking skills, and have suggested that the…

Describes the changes and trends in elementary school science in Great Britain. Discusses the justification for the development of programs at the elementary school level and some of the essentials of good practice. Indicates some of the myths about elementary science and provides guidelines for progressing from elementary to secondary science.…

Suggests an alternative understanding of imitation, according to which a student learns by imitating another person, rather than a text or process. Proposes that composition teaching works when it effectively models an identity which students can accept. (MS)

Offers a plan for teaching the poetry of Wilfred Owen by having students develop meaning with a dramatic reading of a poem, interpretive music or dance, or artwork. Notes that the method seems to have fostered better understanding and student "ownership" of Owen's poetry in the class that first used this method. (JC)

Evaluates the experience of participating in an Early Literacy Inservice Course (ELIC) in Australia two years after the course. Discusses early problems with scheduling and parent expectations, and shows how reading and writing instruction adapted to the problems while maintaining the process writing approach. (SKC)

Discusses the importance of the use of models in modern science. Suggests that models can make a significant contribution to the teaching of science and mathematics. Explains that representative models, analogue models, logical models, and theoretical models are most commonly used models in science and mathematics. (TW)

Promotes the Every Teacher a Researcher program of the National Science Teachers Association. Encourages teachers to become involved in three types of action research with regard to cooperative learning in science. These are replicating, refining, and extending. Includes program registration form for interested teachers. (TW)

Focuses on the need for improved teaching at the secondary and college levels of the English curriculum, emphasizing the view of learning that also includes the development of thinking abilities capable of helping students use information to create their own insights. Reviews recent pedagogical guides that follow this approach. (NKA)

Reviews the rapidly expanding literature on the federal government's involvement in elementary and secondary education, covering research syntheses published in the early 1980's and subsequent unanthologized empirical research and normative commentaries. Identifies trends and themes that surface from this literature, encompassing both empirical…

Many principals feel they lack the personnel necessary to raise student achievement to mandated levels. Yet, as school leaders seek to improve educational outcomes, one of the most underutilized groups remains student support professionals-the counselors, social workers, and nurses already on site. The authors offer a practical approach to…

This final report describes activities and achievements of a 3-year federally supported personnel preparation project that prepared preservice teachers for service in low-income/high minority schools by pairing theory with practice in school settings. Faculty of the University of Colorado recruited 41 university students to participate in the…

The purpose of this book is to help school administrators who use educational research by describing and explaining the components of research and skills of researchers. Chapter 1 defines educational research. Chapter 2 describes streams of research on particular administrative problems. Chapter 3 illustrates the conduct of a research review and…

Educational needs of an adult as an individual and a social being form the bases of every educational activity and are an important issue of every discussion about adult education. If human needs are understood as the motivation, the specific energy that turns into striving to achieve an aim, or an expression of a lack, then it follows that…