In this study, a procedure was devised to experimentally separate the spatial and temporal task components of a serial-position recall task in an attempt to account for the primacy effect observed in experiments using this paradigm with young children and retarded subjects. A total of 48, 5- to 7-year-old, children were tested in a serial-position…

This research concerns the distinction between processes in sentence comprehension and those in sentence memory. Comprehension was monitored by timing subjects while they decided whether a sentence is true or false. The memory process was tapped by examining subject's incidental memory for the sentences they previously verified. The verification…

Three research studies were performed to assess patterns of memory organization with respect to complementary and similarity dimensions, referring to associations based on functional relatedness and grammatical relatedness, respectively. The first study failed to replicate the results of a study by Denney and Ziobrowski (1972), indicating that…

In three studies subjects read two successive passages and then were tested for retention of the first. Each passage described the characteristics of a series of entities (diseases or countries) along a series of dimensions (symptoms, cause, etc., or climate, soil type, etc.). The first passage described five diseases and was organized by name;…

This book, containing conference papers and a summary of activities, focuses on the contributions which current research in cognitive psychology can make to the solution of problems in instructional design. The first three parts of the book include sets of research contributions followed by discussions: part one deals with different strategies for…

The question of whether Black children "peak" earlier than White children in auditory sequential memory (ASM) was investigated in 122 Black children and 120 White children in grades k-3 in two racially mixed schools in a large southern community. Each S was given the ASM subtest of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities. Results…

Four experiments are reported which examine the role of phrase structure, memory load, concreteness of materials and other variables in the recall of meaningful English sentences. Several major findings are reported. Concreteness of the stimulus materials consistently is an aid to recall; although this is predicted from an imagery interpretation…

This teacher's guide contains a list of general auditory problem areas where students have the following problems: (a) inability to find or identify source of sound; (b) difficulty in discriminating sounds of words and letters; (c) difficulty with reproducing pitch, rhythm, and melody; (d) difficulty in selecting important from unimportant sounds;…

This study was conducted to determine whether the recent semantic-physical processing distinction that Jenkins and his associates have invoked to account for differences in subjects' recall and clustering of verbal materials could be extended to include pictorial materials as well. In the first experiment, second-grade children were exposed to 15…

Evidence from studies of memory for meaningful materials such as sentences and prose passages is reviewed in this paper with emphasis on its implications for the nature of the memory representation. It is argued that models of memory which involve the retrieval of stored copies of originally presented material cannot account for two crucial…

A total of 47 6-year-old children listened to stories after which they either constructed pictorial representations of those stories from a set of backgrounds and cut-out figures and objects, or they spent equivalent time classifying geometric figures. The pictorial elaboration task inhibited recall of the stories. This contrasts with results…

The pre- and posttestings of 30 emotionally disturbed children (median age 10.3 years) provided with short term residential services (median stay 8.2 months) in a mental health facility were evaluated to determine if there were a significant time rate of change in mastery learning and if the significant factors could be identified. The test…

The purpose of the study was to investigate the magnitude of individual differences in time-to-criterion and the stability of these differences. Time-to-criterion was defined in two ways: the amount of elapsed time required to attain the criterion level and the amount of on-task time required to attain the criterion level. Ninety students were…

The present study was conducted to demonstrate the power of imagery instructional sets to improve the recall of units more complex than in the traditional paired associate (P-A) paradigm and to evaluate imagery as a memory organizer. Forty-eight sixth grade children were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions, defined by the…

This paper begins defining conversation as the alternate of pro and con opinions between interactors that emphasizes the sequential and discrete nature of interaction. After reviewing the few studies that have analyzed natural interaction sequentially, a theoretical framework is proposed: interactors are decision makers who generate choices over…