Assessment for Learning (AfL) is an international assessment area of interest, yet, during 20 years of AfL research, the desired outcome of increased learner autonomy remains elusive. This article analyses AfL practices in classrooms as students negotiated identities as autonomous learners within a classroom community of practice. A sociocultural theoretical framework informed the analysis of three case studies conducted in Queensland middle school classrooms. Key findings include the importance of the teacher-student relationship, viewing AfL as patterns of participation that develop expertise, and learner autonomy as a negotiated learner identity within each classroom context.