This article examines issues faced by scholarly societies that are developing and sustaining online paper repositories. It is based on the AERA Conference on Online Paper Repositories, which focused on fundamental issues of policy and procedure important to the operations of online working paper repositories. The report and recommendations address a range of issues and offer recommendations relevant to disseminating scholarly knowledge online. It is meant to serve as useful guidance for scholarly societies that might undertake such an endeavor and for researchers and other readers interested in wider access and use of scholarly work. It also aims to be informative to authors who might consider placing their working papers in an online paper repository.