The purpose of the present study was to investigate how the national development of Taiwan has shaped the context of music learning through the development of local cultures in current education reform. Through the examination of relevant literature, official documents, websites and a selection of music education publications that are commonly used in primary and secondary schools, this study addresses two main research questions: (1) How is the cultural shift towards localization reflected in music learning in the arts and humanities curriculum?; and (2) What are the limitations of students' music learning in response to the localization of Taiwanese music in the school curriculum? First, the study explains music learning as a reflection of the relative localization of Taiwan's political tendencies to allow greater expression of national local cultural identity in school music education. Second, it examines the dilemmas of implementing policies on local Taiwanese music in the school curriculum by analyzing the localization process first in the wider context, and then in that of school music education. (Contains 4 resources.)