The trajectory of the Roma is illuminating for understanding the social situation of other minorities, but also for a set of issues concerning the multiculturalism present within states. In this article, the author discusses the context of Roma education--marked by the stateless and marginalized status of the Roma--and provides a brief history of Council of Europe and European Union efforts to improve the plight of Roma children through schooling, focusing on changes that have occurred at the institutional, administrative, and practical levels. While the actions taken thus far have been excellent and necessary, he concludes that they are far from sufficient, as the situation of Roma communities remains difficult and even dire. In particular, Europe is witnessing a resurgence of attitudes and behaviors driven by rejection, violence, and racism, which holds back the implementation of projects promoting an intercultural spirit of education. He recommends rigorous methods of assessment of Roma education in order to better gauge the success of European projects.