In this article the authors discuss recent developments in the decolonization of Australian archaeology. From the viewpoint of Indigenous Australians, much archaeological and anthropological research has been nothing more than a tool of colonial exploitation. For the last twenty years, many have argued for greater control over research and for a shaping of archaeological practice to provide greater benefits for communities. Drawing partly on their research with the Barunga-Wugularr communities of the Northern Territory and the Ngadjuri people of Burra, South Australia, this article highlights trends in Australian archaeology, focusing on contemporary concerns with how language can disempower Indigenous Australians, current measures being taken to implement Indigenous control over Indigenous culture, and the implications of conceptualizing research outcomes as shared intellectual property. (Contains 4 figures and 75 notes.)