Achievement gaps in standardized tests consist of the differences between test scores of students of color and those of white students and between scores of poor children and those of their wealthier peers. Maylone determines student testing behaviors, herein referred to as TestThink, which reflect differences in students' abilities to behave in idiosyncratic ways while taking standardized tests. He articulates how students with well-developed TestThink skills behave while taking a standardized or other traditional objective tests compared to students with insufficient TestThink skills.