The past decade has seen a tremendous growth in the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) to address research questions in 2 subfields of behavioral science: cancer prevention and control (e.g., determinants of cancer screening adherence) and behavioral oncology (e.g., determinants of psychosocial adjustment among cancer patients or survivors). The application of SEM in these areas can have far-reaching implications for lowering cancer morbidity and mortality and for improving the psychological well-being and quality of life of those afflicted with, and recovering from, cancer. This article reviews the progress made in the application of SEM to cancer prevention and control and behavioral oncology research, highlighting 2 central uses: theory development and evaluation and scale construction. Directions for the future application of SEM to address research questions concerning cancer prevention and control and behavioral oncology are also discussed.