Emphasizes the importance of the compound view for second language acquisition, which suggests that two languages coexist in the bilingual mind and does not agree with the linguistic transfer process. Using a metapragmatic judgment task and a post-interview, this study examined pragmatic transfer of 207 Brazilians and Americans from their first language (L1) to their second language (L2) and also from their L2 to their L1. (Author/VWL)