This study examines the role of science education in fostering self-reliance and driving economic development in Nigeria. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) method, we analysed 16 empirical studies and reports to evaluate the impact of science education on key economic indicators such as employment generation, GDP growth, and industrial productivity. The study applied a structured selection process, sourcing literature from Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Scopus, and other academic databases, using keywords like "science education," "economic development," and "self-reliance in Nigeria." The findings reveal that science education significantly enhances skill acquisition, workforce readiness, and economic diversification, particularly in sectors such as agriculture, technology, and healthcare. However, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, funding deficits, and gaps in teacher training hinder its full potential. Addressing these issues requires targeted reforms, strengthened industry-education partnerships, and curricula aligned with national and global economic needs. While this study focuses on Nigeria, its insights are relevant to other developing economies facing similar constraints in leveraging science education for sustainable economic growth. By aligning educational outcomes with labor market demands, nations can cultivate a skilled workforce, foster technological advancements, and drive long-term self-reliance and economic transformation.