Around the globe, beginner sign language programs have seen surging enrolments in recent years. Yet relatively few learners progress to higher-level sign language study. In this article, we explore factors shaping retention and attrition among a cohort of 70 beginner Australian Sign Language (Auslan) students studying in a vocational education context. We explore the influence of both demographic variables and measures of study approach via a questionnaire administered in the initial weeks of the Auslan study. We then tracked consenting students' course completion over the next 5 years. Results show that the 28 students who continued to upper-level Auslan study were more likely than the 42 who left at the end of the first semester to declare that they intended to use Auslan in their future career. They also scored significantly higher on foreign language enjoyment measures and on social contact with deaf people. Both groups also listed distinct challenges and helpful tips in open-ended questions about their Auslan study. Collectively, we see that the two groups approach their study differently even in the initial weeks and that those at risk of discontinuing might benefit from more structured support in effective independent study strategies.