The pipa, a traditional plucked string instrument with over two millennia of history, embodies China's cultural heritage and artistic values. This study investigates musical literacy in the historical development of the Chinese pipa in Beijing. As a political and cultural hub in Beijing, the pipa has undergone transformative changes in its pedagogy, performance practices, and cultural significance. Employing a qualitative research design, the study investigates how musical literacy has adapted to societal, political, and technological shifts. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with four expert informants, participant observations of performances and educational practices, and archival analysis of historical documents and music scores. Findings reveal that the pipa's literacy has expanded from oral traditions to formalized education, cross-cultural collaborations, and technological innovations. Key phases, including the post-1949 reconstruction era, the Reform and Opening-Up period, and the contemporary globalized era, highlight the interplay between tradition and modernity. The research underscores the pipa's role as a cultural symbol, adapting to changing contexts while preserving its heritage. Suggestions for future research include comparative studies with other instruments, youth engagement strategies, and the use of emerging technologies in pipa education. This study contributes to ethnomusicology and music education by demonstrating the enduring relevance of musical literacy in cultural preservation and innovation.