Understanding latent variables is essential in EFL research. This article examines key latent variables, such as linguistic competence, cognitive ability and socio-cultural factors. These variables play a crucial role in shaping EFL learning experiences and outcomes. Researchers can use methods such as exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) to uncover these variables. By combining theoretical findings with advanced statistical methods, such research provides an understanding of the complex processes involved in language learning. The article points to the need for longitudinal studies and mixed methods to capture the dynamic nature of EFL learning. This approach could contribute to the development of more effective educational strategies that improve teaching practices and learner outcomes. The article also emphasizes the importance of considering the sociocultural context and developing culturally sensitive teaching methods to create an inclusive learning environment. Moreover, this article serves as a guide for future research and practice in language learning.