We explore the feasibility of surgical video combined with a multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) integrated teaching method in the clinical teaching of thyroid surgery and its impact on medical students' autonomous learning ability. Eighty-four clinical interns who studied surgical work in our hospital were randomly divided into two groups with 42 in each group. Among them, the observation group was given surgical operation video combined with the MDT integrated teaching method; the control group was given the traditional conventional teaching method. The feasibility of the two teaching methods in the clinical teaching of thyroid surgery and their influence on students' autonomous learning ability were analyzed by means of questionnaires and examination tests. In terms of the examination results (including theoretical knowledge and practical results), the observation group was significantly better than the control group (P < 0.05). In terms of teaching evaluation (including the improvement in self-study ability, the cultivation of clinical thinking, the improvement in expression level, and the enhancement of teamwork spirit), the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group (P < 0.05). In terms of teaching satisfaction, the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, surgical operation video combined with the MDT integrated teaching method can effectively improve students' learning efficiency in the clinical teaching of thyroid surgery. At the same time, students' comprehensive abilities, such as autonomous learning ability, teamwork, and the ability to analyze and solve problems, have been improved.