Discussed are the ontogenetic and evolutionary implications of Dr. Gottlieb's perinatal research with ducklings. His evolutionary theory which proposes that behavior is the primary engine driving evolution is reviewed as is his experimental examination of behavioral neophenotypes. The methodology and findings from Gottlieb (1991/2007) are described in the context of his evolutionary perspective. The value of Dr. Gottlieb's notions on perinatal malleability is discussed in light of recent findings from human fetal and newborn research.