As education systems adapt to evolving societal and technological demands, mathematics curricula must also evolve. Recent trends highlight challenges such as declines in student performance and gaps between intended learning goals and real-world applications. Integrating competencies like data literacy, computational thinking, and problem-solving into curricula can help ensure mathematics education remains relevant. However, achieving this requires addressing key considerations, such as balancing curriculum content and competencies without overload, ensuring alignment between curriculum design and implementation, and including equitable access to high-quality instruction. Additionally, fostering interdisciplinary connections and providing flexibility for diverse learners can enhance engagement and better prepare students academically, professionally and as lifelong learners. [This document was prepared by the Future of Education and Skills 2040 team at the OECD.]