The Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 (ESSA) grants states unprecedented discretion in implementing many of the federal law's requirements concerning the needs of the nation's educationally disadvantaged students. This theoretical paper addresses a void in the policy implementation literature on why ESEA reform efforts have not been more effectively sustained. It synthesizes previous research on ESEA by proposing the use of multiple political science frames to guide new empirical research on ESSA's impacts. These alternative models--ESSA's Legal Framework, Institutional Actors, and Stakeholder Bargaining--can inform the law's national impacts on equity for disadvantaged students and the key conditions affecting differences in state responses to the equity challenge ESSA presents.