Schools often struggle to attract and retain high-performing teachers and to develop or remove low-performing ones. In this study, the researchers considered whether this is true in New Orleans where almost all schools are charters with flexibility over personnel policies and practices, and where schools compete against one another and face pressure to improve. They compared New Orleans to similar neighboring districts from 2010 to 2015, using student test score growth to measure teacher performance. The findings highlight the complexities of policies intended to increase the quality of teaching. [For the corresponding technical paper, "When the Walls Come Down: Evidence on Charter Schools' Ability to Keep Their Best Teachers without Unions and Certification Rules. Technical Report," see ED622113.]