Texas educates the second-most students in the country with a home language other than English. Students are identified as English learners (EL) based on a state language assessment that evaluates a student's primary language other than English to determine if the student qualifies for additional support to develop the English language skills necessary for success in school. Students with the EL classification -- also known as emergent bilingual students (EB) -- are able to acquire additional language education, access public pre-K, and generate additional funding for their school district to provide bilingual and English as a Second Language (ESL) education. However, the percent of additional funding for EL students above the base level of per-student funding has not changed since 1984. What's more, campus level spending on bilingual education suffered some of the most drastic cuts in 2011 at elementary schools with the highest percentage of low-income students. The big 2019 school finance reform added back some funding but still did not fully make up for the earlier cuts. Meanwhile, Texas serves an increasing number of EL students in public schools as total student enrollment grows across the state. This report introduces the current state of education for English learners in Texas, discusses the challenges and outcomes of bilingual and ESL education, and provides recommendations to improve equitable student performance, opportunities, and state funding.