ERIC Number: ED602746
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 2008-Feb
Pages: 29
Abstractor: As Provided
ISBN: N/A
ISSN: EISSN-
EISSN: N/A
Available Date: N/A
The Impact of Eugenics on Special Education in 1930s San Francisco
Smith, Margot W.
Online Submission
In the 1930s, about 2% of San Francisco's children were diagnosed as intellectually disabled and placed in special education or institutionalized. Most of the children were of Italian descent. Teachers, physicians, psychologists and social workers authorized their placement in San Francisco's special education classes, specified the training that the children were to receive, and on occasion, referred children to Sonoma State Hospital for institutionalization. As professionals, they followed State mandates for compulsory education and were influenced by the prevailing philosophies of the time -- eugenics and social Darwinism. Pupils who fell behind in school were sent to a psychologist for individual testing; the child's 1916 Simon-Binet IQ test score was an important part of the diagnosis. The school psychologist, Olga Bridgeman and the head of special education, Louise Lombard had been trained to use the IQ test by Henry Goddard of Vineland School. The Sonoma State Hospital was headed by Fred Butler who took great pride in his sterilization program. A question asked in 1964 was where did they all go as adults? They were no longer considered intellectually disabled. A follow up study in 1984 partially answers that question.
Descriptors: Genetics, Special Education, Racial Bias, Selection, Racial Attitudes, Educational History, Educational Diagnosis, Intellectual Disability, Student Placement, Intelligence Tests, Antisocial Behavior, Contraception, Disability Discrimination, Educational Trends, Homogeneous Grouping, Ethnic Groups, Social Attitudes, Social Change, Educational Change
Publication Type: Reports - Evaluative
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers - Location: California (San Francisco)
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A
Author Affiliations: N/A