This report is the seventh publication in a series of informational briefings developed as part of "The Guardians Initiative: Reclaiming the Public Trust," an effort to educate and engage trustees as advocates on key issues in higher education. The report shows how academic research generates technological, educational, and cultural benefits, and highlights questions for boards to help research produce creativity, innovation, and discovery, and preserve America's research leadership. The impact of academic science is nearly inestimable, and it is the product of a unique environment that fosters creativity, innovation, and discovery. Board members must understand the importance of America's leadership in academic science and preserve the unique partnership that makes that leadership possible.