At the heart of a mature competency-based learning system lies a fundamental commitment to meeting all students where they are. This monograph explores three driving questions that open the door to a discussion of the relational, pedagogical and structural dimensions of meeting students where they are: (1) How do we know where students are? (2) What do we do, once we know? (3) Which strategies help us navigate systemic constraints? The purpose of this report is to provide district- and school-level educators with access to current research, new paradigms, and emerging best practices -- all of which are still in nascent stages of development. In the final section of this paper, "Charting the Course," the authors offer a discussion of the implications for systemic changes that must be addressed if we are to transform the system from one of sorting and labeling, to one where deep learning and discovery are available to all students. [This paper was produced with reDesign.]