This brief focuses on: (1) Student autonomy as learners and (2) Assessments that inform the development of student self-knowledge and their capacity to become autonomous learners. It presents research showing that, when these concepts are explored, implemented, and measured, students will become more competent and confident learners ready to handle challenges in academics, the workplace, and civic life. The brief also offers examples of student autonomy and initial proof of viable concepts. Five elements for assessment design and use are described: (1) Provide accessible and actionable information that supports further learning; (2) Be understood, embraced, and valued by students as authentic and worthwhile; (3) Align with curriculum and instruction to support knowledge transfer; (4) Create opportunities to build strong identities; and (5) Promote equity.