Research suggests that there are substantial (albeit mostly indirect) relationships between school leadership and student achievement. However, it is challenging for practitioners and policymakers to determine whether and how school leaders are making a difference in student achievement. Through its Education Research Grants Program (84.305A), the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) has tried to address this challenge by inviting research applications on school leadership, but the number of applications reviewed is low relative to other topics, and many important questions remain unanswered. IES hopes to expand its portfolio of research on the influence of school leaders on student outcomes. Therefore, during this Technical Working Group meeting, IES asked participants for their input on how to encourage research that can help: (1) Advance theory and build evidence on the relationships between leadership and student achievement; (2) Operationalize these models into leadership standards or leadership roles; (3) Assess the extent to which leaders meet these standards or fulfill these roles; (4) Develop and evaluate professional development for leaders; and (5) Determine the extent to which school leaders impact student achievement. This meeting summary covers the major points of discussion and the recommendations that were offered.