Technology is promoted as a way to produce a meaningful view of mathematics for students, but to date, there is still no consolidated view of how to appropriately or effectively implement technology in teaching activities. Using a large-scale teacher survey and a multiple-case study of four different mathematics classrooms, this study explores the complex and dynamic nature of teachers' views regarding what it means to successfully use technology in the socially mediated and culturally bound context of the classroom. Results illustrate that features of appropriate and effective technology-based instruction from the teachers' standpoint are interrelated with the nature of their technology use in teaching mathematics, and this interdependent relationship is bound to a multitude of factors associated with their personal characteristics and teaching environments. However, the features for gauging success of technology integration that teachers actually consider in their practice are generally far removed from those proposed in the research paradigm, which reflect broad educational reform goals. Hence, to leverage technology as a medium for engaging with mathematics differently than what students have traditionally experienced, research in the field needs to provide teachers with clearer guidelines for successful technology-based instruction. Some elements, such as the use of technology to provide more access to mathematics, the process of technology-based teaching from teachers' perspectives, interrelationships among factors affecting technology use, and the consideration of technology as a pedagogic cultural artifact, deserve closer scrutiny when developing theoretical constructs for accounts of technology integration. Findings of the study also indicate a need to help teachers develop knowledge needed for fruitful integration of technology, and to offer better teaching conditions in mathematics classrooms. If technology is to find its place in education, we need a clearer, more clarified conceptual foundation and a better support system than what currently exists in the field to move us closer to an articulated research agenda and productive classroom practice. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com.bibliotheek.ehb.be/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]