The federal No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation was designed to strengthen the achievement of K-12 students across the United States. To help schools improve, their progress must be ascertained and then initiatives implemented that will support improvement efforts. This study, which was conducted in 2005-2006, provides a comprehensive, data-driven picture of the progress Pennsylvania's rural and urban schools are making in meeting the NCLB mandates and offers considerations for additional program and policy support for all schools, with particular emphasis on the needs of rural schools. This study used four data sources: reports from the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE); two online surveys, one for principals and one for superintendents throughout Pennsylvania; focus group discussions and interviews with survey respondents; and a summary of interviews of principals of high performing rural schools. The data provide a thorough picture of how Pennsylvania's schools are succeeding in meeting the NCLB mandates, and the analyses of the data provide a picture of the continuing needs of schools. (Contains 6 tables.)