This study considered ways of improving mathematical outcomes for urban Indigenous students. It focused on three primary schools in Western Australia and identified factors that were perceived to be having an impact on student learning. These included expectations for students, attendance rates, parent involvement, student literacy levels, student engagement, and test literacy. Base-line data were gathered to identify mathematical needs--conceptual understanding, place value, calculating beyond finger counting, and an action plan for 2010-2012 was developed to address those needs and to counter factors that may have had an adverse impact on student learning. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.) [For the complete proceedings, "Shaping the Future of Mathematics Education. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia (33rd, Freemantle, Western Australia, Australia, July 3-7, 2010)," see ED520764.]