Many studies find that children in "high-risk neighborhoods" are less likely to participate in out-of-school time programs and are more likely to have poor outcomes than are their peers from more advantaged neighborhoods. These poorer outcomes may result from the lower levels of resources, social cohesion, and trust present in high-risk neighborhoods. Similarly, children from "high-risk families" are less likely to participate in out-of-school time programs and are more likely to have poor outcomes than are their peers from more advantaged families. This reflects the multiple disadvantages experienced by children in high-risk families. An increasing number of studies have found that participation in an out-of-school time program is related to better outcomes for children; however, most of this research examines family risks and neighborhood risks separately. This fact sheet looks at both types of risk by analyzing data for children aged 6 to 17 from the National Survey of Children's Health. (Contains 11 endnotes.)