Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) is the single largest federal investment in K-12 education, supplying over $12.7 billion annually in funding to the states. Although not all schools are identified as Title I schools, all public schools are subject to certain accountability provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001. As part of NCLB, schools are required to make adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward proficiency. If a Title I school fails to demonstrate AYP, sanctions or corrective actions are applied which are intended to improve the school and which become more intensive the longer the school remains in a "school improvement" status category. These sanctions have had varying effects and many operational concerns persist in relation to this evaluative process. This Policy Brief provides an overview of NCLB Title I sanctions, examines the utilization and funding of the school choice and supplemental educational service (SES) provisions of NCLB across the states, and identifies issues surrounding school choice and SES. Although the introduction of private providers into education under the SES provisions was a radical change, for the most part, there are positive relationships developing between schools and supplemental service providers, which are leading to positive working environments on the part of both parties that are ultimately seeking to help students. (Contains 7 figures and 2 tables.)