This report describes participation of private school participants in federal education programs, the consultation process between private schools and public school districts, and public school district allocation of federal funds for services for private school participants. The results presented in this report are based on surveys conducted in 2005-06 among a nationally representative sample of public school districts with at least one private school located within their boundaries and a nationally representative sample of private schools located within the geographic boundaries of the sample districts. The study resulted in four key findings: (1) Less than half of private schools reported having at least one participant (students, teachers, or parents) in an "Elementary and Secondary Education Act" ("ESEA") program, though Catholic schools were more likely than other private schools to have at least one participant in an "ESEA" program (80 percent). (2) Forty percent of private schools with no "ESEA" participants reported not participating in "ESEA" programs because they had no knowledge of these programs. (3) Public school districts and private schools with participants in a particular "ESEA" program generally reported similar levels of consultation about that "ESEA" program. (4) Less than half (43 percent) of private schools had at least one participant in "IDEA"; 38 percent of private schools reported that the public school district engaged in timely and meaningful consultation with private school officials, representatives, or parents regarding participation in "Individuals with Disabilities Education Act" ("IDEA"), while 86 percent of public school districts reported conducting such consultations with appropriate parties. "IDEA" does not require public school districts to consult with all private schools but rather with private school representatives and representatives of parents of parentally placed students with disabilities attending private schools located in the district. However, the public school district may consult with a representative of the private school and the private school may be unaware of the consultation. Appendixes include: (1) Detailed Tables; (2) Methodology; and (3) Survey Instruments. (Contains 77 exhibits and 47 footnotes.) [This report was published by the Program and Analytic Studies Division, Policy and Program Studies Service, Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, U.S. Department of Education.]