Responding to the need for research in rural mathematics education, three investigators develop an initial research agenda in this area. Because this development is perhaps unique, the investigators envision the utility of this initial agenda in terms of both product and process. Drawing from 190 questions from multiple sources in mathematics, mathematics education, and rural education, the authors develop 12 questions and 48 illustrative subquestions as an initial agenda. The questions are developed both to indicate relevancy as research and to indicate dispersion among possible variations of specific questions. Four recommendations are made about the process of developing these questions involving cross-disciplinary collaboration, technical processes, and applications. This manuscript is an outgrowth of the current work by the research initiative of the Appalachian Collaborative Center for Learning, Assessment, and Instruction in Mathematics (ACCLAIM). (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.) Appended are: (1) Original 190 Questions with Relevance and Approachability Rankings by each, Researcher (R); and (2) Top 25 Questions sorted by Average Standardized Relevance.