In March 2004, the National Science Foundation funded a two-day workshop by the American Political Science Association (APSA) on the advancement of women in academic political science in the United States. The workshop was prompted by an alarming stall in the number of women entering the discipline and persisting through early years of faculty service to achieve tenure. More than two dozen social scientists from across the country convened in Washington, DC to hear relevant research, discuss problems, and frame corrective actions. This report describes their work and recommended actions. The body of this report refers to the research findings reported at the workshop, organizing them around four defining issues and their recommendations. The four defining issues are: (1) A leaking pipeline of prospective political scientists, as women drop out of graduate school or choose other careers; (2) A chronological crunch, in which the most intense demands for research, publications, and service in tenure-track positions overlap with the years of heaviest family responsibilities; (3) An institutional climate that is often inhospitable to women students and young faculty of both sexes, with too few professional development opportunities via mentoring and other interventions; and (4) A culture of research that offers insufficient opportunity and support for collaboration, peer workshopping of drafts, idea-sharing, and networking across, and within, institutions. The profession must improve the graduate school experience, institutional climate, early professorial years leading up to tenure, and the culture and style of performing research. Appendices C and D summarize research reports and participant comments in greater detail, including ideas for specific interventions from fifteen workshop participants who submitted thoughtful comments for this report. A list of the APSA Workshop participants; and the Workshop agenda are also appended.