Indigenous knowledge is a critical factor for sustainable development. Empowerment of local communities is a prerequisite for the integration of indigenous knowledge in the development process. The integration of appropriate indigenous knowledge systems into development programs has already contributed to efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainable development impact. Indigenous knowledge, like any other knowledge, needs to be constantly used, challenged, and further adapted to evolving local contexts. Supporting local and regional networks of traditional practitioner and community exchanges can help disseminate relevant indigenous knowledge and enable communities to participate more actively in the development process. While innovative mechanisms for the protection of indigenous intellectual property rights need to be developed, many indigenous knowledge practices can at the same time be integrated into local, national, regional, or global development efforts. However, experience has shown that this cannot be done by one institution alone. Partnerships between community-based organizations, nongovernmental organizations, academia, the private sector, research, government, and donor institutions are needed to enhance the use of indigenous knowledge for development. The Indigenous Knowledge for Development Program of the World Bank will continue to champion indigenous knowledge and join others in their efforts to harness indigenous knowledge for development in a process of continuous learning from local communities. Numerous examples are given of the successful implementation of indigenous knowledge in the areas of health care, agriculture, education, and women's issues by communities and governments in Africa, India, and South America. (TD)