This paper examines both overseas and domestic tests of English speaking ability from the viewpoint of the crucial testing elements such as definition of speaking ability, validity, reliability, and practicality. The paper points out problems to be solved and proposes suggestions for constructing an oral proficiency test in order to determine the detailed components of Japanese students' English speaking ability. The overseas research discussed includes the Test of English as Foreign Language Research Reports on Speaking Tests, Doctoral Dissertations, and other research on speaking ability. Six domestic research reports are examined, including three from the college level, two from the high school level, and one from the junior high school level. (VWL)