The federal government has direct responsibility for the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and the Department of Defense (DOD) school systems. This report provides information on student academic performance, teacher staffing, access to educational technology, condition of facilities, and expenditure levels in BIA and DOD schools. Data included a mail survey of BIA and DOD schools; scores on achievement tests and college entrance exams; estimates of per-pupil expenditures, drawn from agency reports; and site visits to 16 BIA and DOD schools. In 1999-2000, the 171 BIA schools served about 47,000 American Indian students, less than 10 percent of all Indian students, in 23 states. Most schools were small; a third had a residential component; and 108 schools were operated by tribes under BIA grants or contracts. The 224 DOD schools served about 108,000 military dependents, mostly in the South, Europe, Japan, and Korea. Compared to students in public schools, BIA students scored far lower on standardized achievement tests and college entrance exams, while DOD students scored at or above national averages. At both types of schools, nearly all teachers were fully certified for their subjects or grade levels, but BIA schools reported difficulties in teacher recruitment. Access to computers and the Internet exceeded that of public schools in both types of schools, but BIA schools reported limited technical support. Many BIA schools reported problems with facilities. Appendices present the study's scope and methodology and agency comments. (SV)