Although concern over labor market inequities in South Africa has focused almost exclusively on racial differences in labor force participation and pay, gender also has been important, since women do not enjoy the same access, opportunities, and rewards in the formal labor market as men, especially among races traditionally subject to discrimination. This report used data from the 1994 October Household Survey (OHS) to study gender differences in formal labor market participation and pay and to determine the factors that underlie the differences. The report centers on four questions: (1) Are there substantial differences in women's and men's labor market participation? (2) Do different factors influence their participation? (3) Is there a significant gender wage gap? and (4) Is there evidence that gender wage discrimination is widespread? The data are sufficiently detailed to analyze workers' educational levels, age, occupations, race, general economic status, and earnings; they also support econometric analyses that identify the most important determinants of participation and pay, and the extent to which gender pay differentials might be due to discrimination, as well as identifying issues on which more study is needed and suggesting possible policy interventions. Following an introduction and definitions (Section 1), the report contains these sections: (2) "Gender and Labor Force Participation"; (3) "Gender and Labor Market Wages"; and (4) "Summary of Findings and Policy Implications." (Contains 16 tables, 3 boxes, 7 figures, and 16 references. Extensive data are appended.) (BT)