Based on country reports from a meeting of education ministers from 11 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, this book discusses the extent to which lifelong learning for all can be made a reality, including consideration of these three issues: (1) what lifelong learning means and how ambitious or how modest the vision of lifelong learning is; (2) whether lifelong learning can deliver greater value for money, thus strengthening the economic and social incentives to invest in lifelong learning; and (3) whether net new financial resources can be found in the public and private sector, possibly by making it easier to pay out of past savings or future benefits. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the progress in countries towards specifying what is meant by lifelong learning for all and what its implementation implies. Chapter 2 reviews the situation and developments that impinge on rate of return to lifelong learning, the strength of the incentive for various actors to invest in lifelong learning. Chapter 3 considers the means by which various actors pay for lifelong learning, the extent to which those means interact with the incentives to improve value for money, and the possibility of finding net new financial resources. Chapter 4 draws summary conclusions and identifies unresolved issues. Three appendixes provide information on estimating lifelong learning gaps, estimates of participation gaps in 11 countries, and estimated costs of closing participation gaps. (KC)