This handbook is a guide to creating and managing citizenship programs for the elderly learner; a task made more urgent by the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, which denies many federal and state benefits for non-citizen elderly people. The handbook brings together insights and observations from across the United States on elderly learners from a wide range of cultures. It is based on a nationwide survey of 200 programs. It identifies issues in teaching the elderly and makes recommendations for instruction and program design based on current best practices and promising and innovative new programs. Extensive references and contacts for further information are provided. There are chapters covering the following: elders and the naturalization process; refugee issues and definitions; issues (social, learning, and health) affecting elders in test preparation; program design; curriculum; instruction; reference and other instructional materials; Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) advocacy; and issues beyond citizenship. (Adjunct ERIC Clearinghouse for ESL Literacy Education) (KFT)