This study described current and past levels of casual employment (CE) and outsourcing in the Australian work force and identified how they are related to training. Data sources included two rounds of the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey and Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) surveys of training and education experience. ABS evidence indicated strong growth in CE, with its share in total employment increasing by 11 percent between 1984-98. By August 1998, over a quarter of all wage and salary earners were measured as casual employees. The rate of growth of CE was more rapid among men. Alternative data sources indicated consistently that the extent of CE is lower than ABS estimates suggest. The little data available on outsourcing suggested estimates of outsourced labor ranging from 4.2 to 10.3 percent; the wide range could be traced to varying definitions and sources. Data analyses indicated permanent workers were more than twice as likely to have participated in in-house training during the previous year and more likely to have participated in external training. Casual employees were more likely to participate in external training without employer support. Research indicated labor hire firms did not consider it as their responsibility to provide training to contractors. No evidence showed use of contractors was related to a decline in level of training for employees. (Appendixes contain data source descriptions, regression analyses results, 45 references, and 24 endnotes.) (YLB)