This background paper is a result of a literature review conducted under Project FORUM that identifies research-based inputs and processes related to student outcomes. It was intended to provide background information for the participants attending the Wingspread Conference on Inputs and Processes in October, 1998. In addition, the report is designed to assist state and local education agencies identify independent variables that should be the focus of systems change in order to positively impact student outcomes. Information is provided regarding selected research findings and information about state practices related to the following educational input factors and educational process factors: (1) certified and qualified staff; (2) vision; (3) leadership; (4) school size; (5) class size; (6) physical and school arrangements; (7) safe and orderly environment; (8) comprehensive, balanced curriculum; (9) systematic, tailored instruction; (10) time; (11) scheduling; (12) grouping; (13) technology; (14) parent, family, and community involvement; (15) instructional climate and school culture; (16) professional development; and (17) school and community-based management. (Contains approximately 300 references.) (CR)